готовим структуру

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+----
+
+> Со времен Коперника человек катился от центра к Х.
+> (Ницше 1885)¹
+
+> Чем более понятной кажется Вселенная, тем более бессмысленной она кажется.
+> (Стивен Вайнберг 1978)²
+
+----
+
+> Since Copernicus, man has been rolling from the centre toward X.
+> (Friedrich Nietzsche 1885)¹
+
+> The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it also seems pointless.
+> (Steven Weinberg 1978)²
+
+----
+
 В наше время термин **"нигилизм"** стало слишком избитым. Слишком много было написано на эту тему, и любое чувство безотлагательности, которое когда-то могло передаваться этим словом, притупилось из-за чрезмерной экспозиции. Результатом является голос, испорченный тоскливой фамильярностью и туманной неопределенностью. Тем не менее, немногие другие темы философских дебатов так непосредственно захватывают людей, мало или совсем не интересующихся философскими проблемами, как утверждение нигилизма в его самом «наивном» понимании: существование ничего не стоит. Настоящая книга вызвана убеждением, что в этом, казалось бы, банальном утверждении таятся скрытые глубины, которые еще предстоит озвучить философам, несмотря на обилие ученых книг и статей по этой теме. Хотя философская литература о нигилизме впечатляюще обширна и включает в себя несколько важных работ, из которых я многому научился, мотивом для написания этой книги было убеждение, что что-то фундаментальное философское значение осталось невысказанным и похоронено под научными исследованиями исторических истоков. , современные разветвления и долгосрочные последствия нигилизма. В самом деле, эти аспекты темы были так подробно расписаны, что самый простой способ прояснить цель этой книги — объяснить, чего она не делает.
 
 
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-The term ‘nihilism’ has a hackneyed quality. Too much has been written on
-the topic, and any sense of urgency that the word might once have com-
-municated has been dulled by overexposure. The result is a vocable tainted
-by dreary over-familiarity and nebulous indeterminacy. Nevertheless,
-few other topics of philosophical debate exert such an immediate grip on
-people with little or no interest in the problems of philosophy as the
-claim of nihilism in its most ‘naive’ acceptation: existence is worthless.
-This book was spurred by the conviction that this apparently banal asser-
-tion harbours hidden depths which have yet to be sounded by philoso-
-phers, despite the plethora of learned books and articles on the topic.
-Although the philosophical literature on nihilism is impressively vast,
-comprising several important works from which I have learned much, the
-rationale for writing this book was the conviction that something of fun-
-damental philosophical importance remained unsaid and buried beneath
-the learned disquisitions on the historical origins, contemporary ramifica-
-tions, and long-term implications of nihilism. Indeed, these aspects of the
-topic have been so thoroughly charted that the simplest way to clarify the
-intent of this book is to explain what it does not do
+The term ‘nihilism’ has a hackneyed quality. Too much has been written on the topic, and any sense of urgency that the word might once have communicated has been dulled by overexposure. The result is a vocable tainted by dreary over-familiarity and nebulous indeterminacy. Nevertheless, few other topics of philosophical debate exert such an immediate grip on people with little or no interest in the problems of philosophy as the claim of nihilism in its most ‘naive’ acceptation: existence is worthless. This book was spurred by the conviction that this apparently banal assertion harbours hidden depths which have yet to be sounded by philosophers, despite the plethora of learned books and articles on the topic. Although the philosophical literature on nihilism is impressively vast, comprising several important works from which I have learned much, the rationale for writing this book was the conviction that something of fundamental philosophical importance remained unsaid and buried beneath the learned disquisitions on the historical origins, contemporary ramifications, and long-term implications of nihilism. Indeed, these aspects of the topic have been so thoroughly charted that the simplest way to clarify the intent of this book is to explain what it does not do.
 
 ----
+
+First and foremost, it does not treat nihilism as a disease, requiring
+diagnosis and the recommendation of an antidote. But neither does it
+extol the pathos of finitude as a bulwark against metaphysical hubris
+(Critchley 1997), or celebrate the indeterminacy of interpretation as a
+welcome liberation from the oppressive universalism of Enlightenment
+rationalism (Vattimo 1991 & 2004). Nor does it try to reassert the
+authority of reason in the face of scepticism and irrationalism, whether
+by defending Platonism from the depredations of Heideggerean exis-
+tentialism (Rosen 2000), or Hegelianism against the slings and arrows of
+x
+French post-structuralism (Rose 1984). Lastly, it does not attempt to
+provide a conceptual genealogy of nihilism (Cunningham 2002), a critical
+pre-history of the problematic (Gillespie 1996), or a synoptic overview
+of its various ramifications in nineteenth- and twentieth-century phi-
+losophy and literature (Souche-Dagues 1996).
+Two basic contentions underlie this book. First, that the disenchant-
+ment of the world understood as a consequence of the process whereby
+the Enlightenment shattered the ‘great chain of being’ and defaced the
+‘book of the world’ is a necessary consequence of the coruscating potency
+of reason, and hence an invigorating vector of intellectual discovery,
+rather than a calamitous diminishment. Jonathan Israel’s work provided
+a direct source of inspiration for this idea and his magisterial recounting
+of philosophy’s crucial role in what was arguably the most far-reaching
+(and still ongoing) intellectual revolution of the past two thousand
+years furnishes a salutary and much-needed corrective to the tide of
+anti-Enlightenment revisionism with which so much twentieth-century
+philosophy has been complicit.3 The disenchantment of the world
+deserves to be celebrated as an achievement of intellectual maturity, not
+bewailed as a debilitating impoverishment. The second fundamental
+contention of this book is that nihilism is not, as Jacobi and so many
+other philosophers since have insisted, a pathological exacerbation of
+subjectivism, which annuls the world and reduces reality to a correlate
+of the absolute ego, but on the contrary, the unavoidable corollary of
+the realist conviction that there is a mind-independent reality, which,
+despite the presumptions of human narcissism, is indifferent to our exis-
+tence and oblivious to the ‘values’ and ‘meanings’ which we would drape
+over it in order to make it more hospitable. Nature is not our or anyone’s
+‘home’, nor a particularly beneficent progenitor. Philosophers would do
+well to desist from issuing any further injunctions about the need to
+re-establish the meaningfulness of existence, the purposefulness of life,
+or mend the shattered concord between man and nature. Philosophy
+should be more than a sop to the pathetic twinge of human self-esteem.
+Nihilism is not an existential quandary but a speculative opportunity.
+Thinking has interests that do not coincide with those of living; indeed,
+they can and have been pitted against the latter. It is this latter possi-
+bility that this book attempts to investigate. Its deficiencies are patent,
+and unfortunately the shortfall between ambition and ability means
+that it is neither as thorough nor as comprehensive as would be neces-
+sary to make its case convincingly. Much more needs to be demonstrated
+in order to field an argument robust enough to withstand the sceptical
+Preface
+xi
+rejoinders which the book’s principal contentions are sure to provoke.
+Nevertheless, the themes broached here, however unsatisfactorily, should
+be considered as preliminary forays in an investigation which I hope to
+develop more fully in subsequent work.
+The book is divided into three parts. Chapter 1 introduces the theme
+which governs the first part of the book, ‘Destroying the Manifest Image’,
+by considering Wilfrid Sellars’s distinction between the ‘manifest’ and
+‘scientific’ images of ‘man-in-the-world’. This opening chapter then goes
+on to examine the standoff between the normative pretensions of folk-
+psychological discourse, and an emerging science of cognition which
+would eliminate belief in ‘belief’ altogether in order to reintegrate mind
+into the scientific image. Chapter 2 analyses Adorno and Horkheimer’s
+influential critique of scientific rationality in the name of an alternative
+conception of the relation between reason and nature inspired by
+Hegel and Freud. Chapter 3, the final chapter of Part I, lays out Quentin
+Meillassoux’s critique of the ‘correlationism’ which underpins the
+Kantian–Hegelian account of the relationship between reason and nature,
+before pinpointing difficulties in Meillassoux’s own attempt to rehabilitate
+mathematical intuition. The second part of the book charts the ‘Anatomy
+of Negation’ and begins with Chapter 4, which examines how Alain
+Badiou circumvents the difficulties attendant upon Meillassoux’s appeal
+to intellectual intuition through a subtractive conception of being
+which avoids the idealism of intuition, but only at the cost of an equally
+problematic idealism of inscription. Chapter 5 attempts to find a way
+out of the deadlock between the idealism of correlation on one hand,
+and the idealism of mathematical intuition and inscription on the
+other, by drawing on the work of François Laruelle in order to elaborate
+a speculative realism operating according to a non-dialectical logic of
+negation. The third and final section of the book, ‘The End of Time’,
+tries to put this logic to work, beginning with Chapter 6’s critical recon-
+struction of the ontological function allotted to the relationship between
+death and time in Heidegger’s Being and Time and Deleuze’s Difference
+and Repetition. Finally, Chapter 7 recapitulates Nietzsche’s narrative of
+the overcoming of nihilism in light of critical insights developed over
+the preceding chapters, before proposing a speculative re-inscription of
+Freud’s theory of the death-drive, wherein the sublimation of the latter
+is seen as the key to grasping the intimate link between the will to
+know and the will to nothingness.
+Thanks to Dan Bunyard, Michael Carr, Mark Fisher, Graham Harman,
+Robin Mackay, Dustin McWherter, Nina Power, Dan Smith, Alberto
+Toscano, and my colleagues at the Centre for Research in Modern
+xii
+Preface
+European Philosophy: Eric Alliez, Peter Hallward, Christian Kerslake,
+Stewart Martin, Peter Osborne, Stella Sandford.
+Special thanks to Damian Veal for help with the final preparation of
+the manuscript, and above all to Michelle Speidel.
+Acknowledgements:
+An early version of Chapter 2 appeared in The Origins and Ends of the
+Mind ed. R. Brassier and C. Kerslake, Leuven University Press, 2007; an
+abbreviated version of Chapter 3 appeared in Collapse, Vol. II, February
+2007; an edited version of Chapter 4 provided the basis for the article
+‘Presentation as Anti-Phenomenon in Alain Badiou’s Being and Event’
+in Continental Philosophy Review, Vol. 39, No. 1; finally, material from
+sections 3 and 4 of Chapter 7 originally appeared in an article entitled
+‘Solar Catastrophe’ in Philosophy Today, Vol. 47, Winter 2003